World War 1 Origins (How and Why the War Started)

Introduction Since time immemorial the world has witnessed wars between different groups, states, countries, and allies. Initially, the motive behind wars was survival. Ancient people fought in order to usurp land for cultivation. Gradually, as the world population grew, the motives behind wars became multifarious.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World War 1 Origins (How and Why the War Started) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different groups and countries started fighting with each other in order to gain control of areas where there were natural resources such as gold. Another reason for war was to gain access to routes generally used for movement of commodities from the starting place to the consumption areas. It is understood that after a war, one group prospered at the cost of another. Religion also has been an instigating factor for many wars. However, in all the wars, the motive was to gain advantage of s ome sort. During the past years, when countries came together as allies, there have been instances when allies of a particular group had to go to war just because they wanted to safeguard themselves from the disadvantages of not participating in the war. In this paper, we shall discuss the reasons that led to World War 1. â€Å"World War 1 began in eastern Europe. The war started when Serbia, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany decided that war or the risk of war was an acceptable policy option[1]†. Causes of World War 1 General Causes Alliances 1879 onwards, the world witnessed formation of alliances between nations having similar interests. Following are some of the major alliances that took place: The Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria-Hungary entered into an alliance in 1879 in order to defend against Russia. Austro-Serbian Alliance: Austria-Hungary and Serbia entered into an alliance in 1881 in order to prevent Russia from asserting power in Serbia. The Triple Alliance : Germany and Austria-Hungary entered into an alliance with Italy in 1882 so that the latter could not favor Russia’s moves. Franco-Russian Alliance: Russia and France entered into an alliance in 1894 in order to protect their countries from the Dual Alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Entente Cordiale: France and Britain entered into a formal agreement in 1904 in order to protect each other’s interests. Anglo-Russian Entente: Britain and Russia entered into a formal agreement in 1907 in order to protect each other’s interests. Triple Entente: Russia, France and Britain entered into an alliance to counteract Germany’s growing threats. Later, in 1914 and under the same alliance, all the three countries concurred that they will not sign any peace treaty without mutual consent. All these alliances (from 1879 to 1914) forced some countries to go to war just because they were in some alliance.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Imperialism Imperialism is a term used for instances where any country usurps any other country’s land and asserts its supremacy and power. Due to the incessant progress of industrialization, countries felt the need of venturing into fresh marketplaces. By the year 1900, Britain had extended its empire in five continents and France controlled major parts of Africa. The increase of both these countries’ power did not go well with Germany; Germany had only small areas under its rule. Following is a map that depicts the colonies of these three major European players in 1914. Source: http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/empiremap.htm William Anthony Hay claims that according to McMeekin, a tutor of international relations, â€Å"The war’s real catalyst lay in Russia’s ambition to supplant the waning Ottoman Empire in the Near East and to control the Turkish straits – the Bosphorus and Dardanelles – linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean[2]†. But Richard Evans contradicts this opinion by stating that â€Å"In the end it was the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia that set off the process that ended in the outbreak of World War 1, not Russian ambitions in the Straits[3]. But if we think logically, no country will enter into a war without personal interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World War 1 Origins (How and Why the War Started) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alliances were also made to serve individual interests. So it is wrong to say that Russia did not have any interest or ambitions in the Straits. Russia was an industrialized nation and needed to sell its products to people in other nations. For this purpose, it needed a safe passage and new markets. Militarism When any country gives preference to its army, it is said to be following militarism. The growing al liances among various nations prompted nations to empower their army with more arms and ammunitions. France and Germany doubled the strengths of their respective armies. Britain and Germany seemed to be in a competition of better sea control. In 1906, Britain launched the ‘Dreadnought’, considered to be a very efficient battleship. Following the footsteps, Germany also launched its own version of impressive battleships. The following illustration shows how Germany planned to attack France in case Russia attacked Germany; France and Russia were allies. So due to the alliance, Russia was bound to retaliate when one of its allies was attacked. â€Å"A military revolution occurred in the seventeenth century. The most important of the many changes was a considerable growth in the size of the armies. Those large forces could no longer live off the land: steal supplies from the populace[4]†. NationalismAdvertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We all have love for our respective countries. So did the people of that period. Austria-Hungary and Serbia had different radical groups trying to free their states from foreign involvement. Both Italy and Germany were divided. People of these countries wanted unification. â€Å"Along with the history of imperial machinations, however, World War 1 should be understood in the context of the popular imagination and the growth of nationalist sentiment in Europe[5]†. The Crisis Moroccan Crisis As part of an understanding, Britain gave control of Morocco to France in 1904. The Moroccan people wanted freedom. Germany, in order to take an advantage of the situation, proclaimed its support for the freedom of Morocco. A conference was held that allowed France to continue its control over Morocco and a war was averted. Again, in 1911, Germany started pronouncing its support for the Moroccan independence but again it was persuaded to compromise its stand on the issue. Bosnian Crisis Bos nia (a Turkish province) was taken over by Austria-Hungary in 1908. This action of Austria-Hungary did not go well with the Serbians. The Serbians thought Bosnia was under them. As such, a conflict aroused. Serbia proclaimed war over Austria-Hungary. Russia supported Serbia and Germany supported Austria-Hungary. A war was about to start but at the nick of the time Russia backed off and the war was averted. But tensions were still mounting up between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. â€Å"It is true that during July the German decision makers sometimes expressed the hope that the conflict would be localized: in other words that Austria would be able to vanquish Serbia without Russian Intervention[6]†. Dale Copeland argues that â€Å"Germany actively sought war in July 1914 and that German leaders by the end of July preferred world war to a negotiated peace, even to one that gave Austria most of what it wanted[7]†. The Immediate Trigger World War 1 started in the year 1914. T he assassination of Austria’s Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, acted as a trigger to World War 1. Franz Ferdinand and his wife were murdered in 1914 by Gavrilo Princip, member of a Bosnian radical group. â€Å"The crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire decided, after the assassination on 28 June, to take action against Serbia, which was suspected of being behind the murder[8]†. This was considered to be an immediate reason for the war but the real reasons seem to be more complex and are still topics of debate among various historians. According to William Anthony Hay, â€Å"Germany bears responsibility for the war, in this view, because its leaders deliberately turned a regional clash between Austria-Hungary and Serbia into an existential Struggle of rival alliances[9]†. Hay is right in his opinion because history reveals that there were other options with Germany that could have averted the war. But since Germany wanted to gain on its own interests, it forced other countr ies to plunge into a war that they did not intend. â€Å"The size and wealth of the conquered Eastern territories easily outweighed what would have been lost had the Germans withdrawn from Belgium and France. Had they done so, France might have made peace and the anti-German coalition collapsed[10]†. Conclusion All these instances make us to believe that Germany was behind waging the World War 1. In its ambitions to usurp power, Germany was thought to have instigated the war. But it is to be understood that down the years, historians put an end to the controversy as to which country was responsible for the World War 1. Historians from the two main countries (Germany and France) came to an understanding that none of their countries should be blamed for instigating World War 1. It was the policies of militarization of each of the participating countries that led to the war. But certain facts still point the finger towards Germany. After the war started, some confidential docume nts were discovered that suggested that the German government had vast plans of extending its territory due to the economic requirements. Bibliography Copeland, Dale. The Origins of Major War. New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. Evans, Richard. â€Å"The Road to Slaughter.† New Republic. Last modified 2011. http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/the-road-slaughter#. Fergusan, Niall. â€Å"Germany and the origins of the First World War: New Perspectives.† The Historical Journal 35, no. 3 (1992): 725-752. Hamilton, Richard and Holger Herwig. The Origins of World War 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Hay, William. â€Å"Ambition in the East.† The Wall Street Journal. Last modified December 23, 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577110422769202402.html. Merriman, John. â€Å"The Origins of World War 1.† Yale University. Last modified 2013. http://www.academicearth.org/lectures/origins-world-war-i. Sheffield, Gary. â€Å"The Origins of World War One.† BBC. Last modified March 8, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml. Williamson, Samuel. â€Å"The Origins of World War 1.† Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988): 795-818. Footnotes Samuel Williamson, â€Å"The Origins of World War 1,† Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988): 795. William Anthony Hay, â€Å"Ambition in the East,† The Wall Street Journal, 2011,   http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204791104577110422769202402.html. Richard Evans, â€Å"The Road to Slaughter,† 2011, http://www.newrepublic.com/book/review/the-road-slaughter#. Richard Hamilton and Holger Herwig, The Origins of World War 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 5. John Merriman, â€Å"The Origins of World War 1,† Yale University, 2013, http://www.academicearth.org/lectures/origins-world-war-i. Niall Fergusan, â€Å"Germany and the origins of the F irst World War: New Perspectives†, Historical Journal 35, no. 3 (1992): 731. Dale Copeland, The Origins of Major War (New York: Cornell University Press, 2001), 79. Gary Sheffield, â€Å"The Origins of World War One,† BBC, 08 March 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml. William Anthony Hay, â€Å"Ambition in the East† in The Wall Street Journal Gary Sheffield, â€Å"The Origins of World War One,† BBC, 08 March 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml. This essay on World War 1 Origins (How and Why the War Started) was written and submitted by user Kyndall Jennings to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Literature

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Literature Langston Hughes Doorknobs Langston Hughes is considered by many readers to be the most significant black poet of the twentieth century. Except for a few examples, all his poems are about social injustice in America. The somber tone of his writing often reflected his mood. Race relations were present in almost his whole career, following him from his first poem to his last. The poem Doorknobs was written in 1961 after his subpoena to appear before Senator McCarthy for subversive activities. Although many other poems by Hughes deal with prejudice, race, or politics, Doorknobs deals with life itself. Hughes anger over the political attacks are seen on many of his poems. Hughes Doorknob describes a child who seems to be afraid of life and afraid of the adults in his life By the end of the poem this child is now an adult himself who appears to be insecure, and perhaps, afraid of life itself. This man portrays a sad, non-confident, scared life as we can see on the lines 1 to 3. We experience first hand the lack of control, the terrorizing feelings this door holds for this child: The simple silly terror of a doorknob on a door that turns to let in life From lines 4 to 10, we can assume that we are reading of a child who is terrorized of the grownups that live with him; perhaps he is an abused child: on two feet standing, walking, talking, wearing dress or trousers, maybe drunk or maybe sober, maybe smiling, laughing, happy, maybe tangled in the terror of a yesterday past grandpa Lines 11 to 15 reinforce the terror this child is feeling and carrying with him. It is apparent that the child is experiencing some kind of abuse, either mental or physical: when the door from out there opened into here where I, antenna, recipient of your coming, received the talking image of the simple silly terror From lines 16-25 Hughes repeats the first stanza of the poem with minor changes to the order of t the words; this perhaps is now when the child is now remembering his past. Another interpretation is that when the child became a grownup instead of being afraid of the adults in his life, he is afraid now of life itself, and death. of a door that opens at the turning of a knob to let in life walking, talking, standing wearing dress or trousers, drunk or maybe sober, smiling, laughing, happy, or tangled in the terror of a yesterday past grandpa not of our own doing. Doorknobs is a sad poem; the poem deals with the struggle and search for identity, and a struggle of the individual vs. the Universe. The mood is fear, and perhaps terror of his surroundings. At the end, we are left with the feeling that the child went on living his life in terror and afraid of everything that surrounded him even after becoming an adult.

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example mpany and they use to give example of Southwest Airlines where right application of human resource pool helped the airlines to achieve business excellence (Pride, Hughes, & Kapoor, p.p. 159-160). Business management is a broad term used by management researchers to define various elements of business operation. Not only has private sector given importance on business managing but also other types of organizations (NGOs, public sectors) give importance on the subject. Business management is important counterbalance any types of organizational complexity or inconveniences (Spicer, 1997, p. 92). Planning is integrated part of management system while many management researchers has indicated planning is the first step of management. Planning is the systematic framework of setting business objective for the organization and designing strategy map to achieve the objective. Organizations establish a mission statement (like Google’s mission statement is to organize information for people and making an easy online platform to access the information for people) is the initial phase of planning process. Companies allocate resources in accordance the mission statement while the process is known as strategic planning. Suppose my organization is Finnish telecommunication giant Nokia. Tagline of the company is connecting people. The company needs to establish business objective of expanding distribution and regain market position within next five years. New product development and retail chain expansion are two major strategic plans in order to compete with Apple and Samsung. Management creates the basic design of work pattern in the organizing phase by defining organizational communication level (vertical or horizontal) for employees. In this phase management assign work responsibility to certain groups or individual workers. Defining who the target customers plays important role in this phase since knowing the needs of target customer’s helps employees to provide

Turning point jerusalem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Turning point jerusalem - Essay Example By being in several distinct spots in the holy city, Jennings managed to present certain essential facts through stories that relate and strive to identify similarities of contexts among the Jews, Christians, and Muslims. With this approach, the viewer feels the significant connection among these three religions despite opposing beliefs especially as the anchor included Abraham's story in association to the Jews and Muslims alike. Indeed, he placed adequate amount of relevance for each view based on the impact created by Jerusalem's history among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. There seems a point where the three major religions attempted to converge and reconcile each others' differences in a common setting only to discover further conflicts emerging so they had rather settled with the authentic set foundations. (b) In general, do you think the video has a biased outlook against certain group? If yes, explain such specific reported stories, if not, explain why. In my opinion, whil e Peter Jennings aimed to examine the roots of complications between the Arabs and the Israelis in the holy land, he traveled to regions in Jerusalem where remarkable accounts of battles or conquests preserve their essence. With an objective purpose, he used these findings to help the audience establish their rationalization of the events and judgment that necessarily should rely upon factual basis. Very delicately, he demonstrated the skill in uncovering archeological pieces and sites of evidences in an expository and impartial manner. As such, the anchor directed viewers to concrete examples, both past and modern, by walking the path which Jesus took prior to crucifixion in his time, witnessing a scene of Jewish protest within a Muslim community, as well as visiting a specific place where about six communities of Christians contended among themselves with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as the subject of their raging. It only exhibits how people signify values behind religious pr inciples by communicating this concern through the type and degree of action, besides traditional practices, they acquire or get into as they express respect or reverence in bold and sometimes violent means. Whether they have by far progressed or drastically changed in other ways on coping with modernization and advanced demands of the culture out of the original conflicts may be reflected on the current state of affairs. Without having to manifest in the video his conviction or where his faith mostly lies, P. Jennings demonstrated an unbiased reality of what had actually taken place through the course of encompassing times and it truly mattered that as an audience, I caught a glimpse of the life in the special land considered as the holiest of cities. I can also figure that it is inevitable to compare religious groups and evaluate which stands in harmony or profound agreement with and thus must be favorably responded to by humanity. Likewise, the reporter displayed a sense of appre ciation for each small or big group of Jews, Muslims, and Christians who occur to understand the precious value of their faith and existence. I recall a portion of the report in which an ancestral quest by Jewish couple inspired them to diligently work by tedious exploration research within the excavation formed underneath their residence. Similarly, a Palestinian family who are all Christians in commemoration of the Easter is quite

Tyco international Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tyco international - Essay Example government. After its incorporation, the firm involved itself with high-tech science materials and conversion of energy products for use in the commercial sector. Over time, Tyco International was involved with various corporate strategies such as mergers and acquisition to become a leading manufacturer of industrial products. Corporate Level Strategies According to Porter (2008), corporate strategy includes all strategies that an organization employs as it diversifies. The strategy involves the combination of enterprises that a firm should compete in integration and modes through which to subsidiaries are coordinated. The four common corporate strategies applied by many firms including Tyco International include the portfolio strategy, restructuring, skills transfer and activity sharing (Tyco, 2011). The portfolio strategy as applied in the context of Tyco international is the ability of the firm to choose the best strategy exploits the strengths of the organization with the ability to exploit existing opportunities. The aim is to maximize shareholder returns. The analysis of the existing business portfolio and making decisions on suitability of the firm in receiving any further investment is a major step that should be accompanied strategy evaluation. In order to achieve the intended strategy, various methods are used, two of which is the BCG matrix and the General electric/shell strategy. Through the application of these strategies, Tyco International has been able to diversify over time (Tyco, 2011). Tyco International was established as an experimental laboratory/organization conducting experiments for the government. However, over time, the firm was able to experience both internal and external growth with diversity in its operations in different fields with the latest being a split. Internal growth was experienced through increased revenue that was used to pursue external growth through mergers and acquisitions. For instance, mergers began as early as 19 66 when the firm acquired Industrionics Control Inc. the 1970s saw the firm acquire Simplex and Grinnell. The firm continued its external expansion and ended acquiring more firms in the course of its growth (Porter, 2008). However, the firm realized it potential growth prospects and exploited the corporate strategy of split in 2006 where it was split into three independent companies that were Covidien Ltd, Tyco Electronics Ltd and Tyco International Ltd. Before splitting, Tyco International utilized the BCG strategy that could be used to establish the product portfolios of the firm as explained in the next section. While diversifying in international markets, Tyco International utilized strategies such as the export strategy, franchising and joint ventures and licensing among others. BCG Matrix as Applied to Tyco International The BCG matrix categorizes products of an organization based on the market share and the market growth rate. Based on these two axes, four quadrants are drawn representing stars, cash cows, dogs and cats. The matrix postulates that Stars represent products of the firm that depict high growth rates in the market such as healthcare products and services of Tyco International. Electronic products that have a large market share although they perform moderately in the market while question marks and dogs represent products of low market share operating in high growth markets and

Aristotles Theory of the Ideal State

Aristotles Theory of the Ideal State ARISTOTLE AND HIS IDEAL STATE   (384 BC 322 BC) NAME : SHAMIKA S. TAMHANE Aristotle is one such unique philosopher, who has made contributions to innumerable fields like that of physics, biology, mathematics, metaphysics, medicines, theatre, dance and of course politics. Aristotle is known as ‘Father of Political Science’. ‘Polis’ is ‘city-state’ in Greek. From this, he coined term ‘Politics’. He is one of the most celebrated political thinkers as he was the first philosopher who detached philosophy from political science and carved out the latter as an independent discipline. He introduced a systematic study of politics and stated that politics may be devoid of ethics. Aristotle was born in 384 BC in the Greek town of Stagira. His father, Nicomachus was a physician in the court of Macedonia. Both his parents are known to have died when Aristotle was young. At the age of 17, Aristotle’s sister’s husband, who was his guardian, sent him to Athens for higher education in Plato’s academy. Aristotle proved to be an exemplary scholar and was a close disciple of Plato. Plato died in 347 BC. However, despite being one of the closest disciples of Plato, Aristotle did not become the head of the academy as he had some major differences with respect to Plato’s theory. Aristotle stayed in the academy for about 2 decades. After a few years of Plato’s death, he left Athens and returned to Macedonia in 338 BC. There he taught Alexander the Great and the Macedonia court rewarded him generously for his services. In 335 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Phillip II and conquered Athens. Aristotle too returned to Athens and started h is own academy called the Lyceum. Aristotle spent most of his time writing, researching and teaching at his academy. In 323 BC, Alexander died and the people of Athens revolted against the Macedonian rule. Being Alexander’s teacher and having had connections with the ruling family of Macedonia, posed a threat to his life in Athens where anti-Macedonian sentiment was at its peak. In order to save himself from prosecution, Aristotle left Athens and went to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. Aristotle breathed his last there in 322 BC. Aristotle experienced a lot of ups and downs in the political spectrum throughout his life like the fall of Sparta, the rise as well as the fall of Alexander the Great etc. All these happenings around him have affected him and it can be reflected in all his writings INTRODUCTION POPULATION AND TERRITORY As said in the introduction the first material or ingredient to form a perfect or an ideal state is population. The legislator has the power to determine the number and character of citizens and thus, the size and character of the country. According to Aristotle, â€Å"Most persons think that a state in order to be happy ought to be large; but even if they are right, they have no idea what is a large and what a small state. For they judge of the size of the city by the number of the inhabitants; whereas they ought to regard not their number, but their power.† (1) Hence, Aristotle was clearly of the opinion that the quality of the people which constitute the state matters, rather than their quantity. Thus, more than the physical size of the population, its character is important. Aristotle justifies this by giving the example of Hippocrates who was a great physician that he was great because of the quality of the work he did and is definitely greater than a man who is just phys ically taller than him. Also, even if we are to reckon the greatness of a state by the number of inhabitants, not everybody can be included in it, like the slaves and foreigners. Only the members of the state are to be included who form an essential part of it. A very populated state cannot be well governed, as it is difficult to maintain law and order. According to Aristotle , there is a limit to the size of the state just as there is a limit to the size of other things like plants and animals as if any of these are too small or large, they either completely lose their nature or get spoiled. Here he cites an example of a ship. A ship, if only a span long, cannot be a ship at all and the one which is a quarter mile long will still be a ship, but will be bad for sailing. Similarly, if a state is too small, it won’t be self-sufficient but if it is too big it would be incapable of having a government that is constitutional. Also, in an over-populated state, it is difficult to id entify foreigners who may take advantage of this situation and try and acquire the rights of the citizens. Hence, clearly the largest population should be the one which suffices for the purposes of life. The territory of the state should be all-producing, so that the state has all things to be in need of nothing, which is called sufficiency. It should enable the residents to live liberally so that they can enjoy leisure. The country should be suitable for receiving fruits and timber and also other products. The city should be situated in regard both to sea and land, so that it is protected on both the sides. Also, import and export can be facilitated through water transport. Aristotle has a very distinct manner of describing the character of the people of various parts of the world. According to him, people who live in regions with cold climate and in Europe are hard-working but lack intelligence and skill. This is the reason they have the opportunity to enjoy freedom but they have no political organization. On the other hand, the natives of Asia are intelligent but they lack spirit, hence they are always under some foreign rule and are constantly subjugated. However, according to Aristotle, the best is the Hellenic race which is situated between the two regions and has the best of both the regions, i.e. the spirit of the Europeans and the intelligence of the Asians. So this race is free from any foreign rule and is also well-governed. Aristotle states certain other things which an ideal state must have, such as food, arts, arms etc. It should have a good amount of revenue so that it can take care of its internal needs as well as protect itself from any external aggression. The state should also take care of the religion of the people so that they can practice their respective religion fearlessly. The last and the most important thing is that the authority in the state must have the power to decide what is good and in favor of the public. All these above mentioned things are necessarily to be provided for by the state administration as the state is not a mere aggregate of people but their union, who have come together to fulfill a common purpose of ‘well-being’. If any one of the above listed things is lacking in any particular state, then a state cannot be called absolutely self-sufficient. Then it is necessary to frame the structure of the state in such a manner that all the above functions are fulfi lled. For example, a state should have farmers to produce food, artists and artisans to promote art, soldiers to protect the boundaries of the state, the priests to carry out religious practices etc. Thus, it can be observed that Aristotle does not undermine the role of any person in formation of an ideal state and specifies the role that each citizen can play, for the sake of ‘good life’. Aristotle also states the ideal location of the state. In order to ensure good health of its citizens, a state should lie towards the east. States which are covered by the north wind have milder winter which is again, healthier. Hence, the state should be located such that it favors convenient administration as well, in situations of war. There should be abundant springs and fountains in the state and if there is a scarcity of the same, there should be reservoirs which can store water and provide for its citizens in a state of crisis. Aristotle lays great emphasis on providing pure water to the citizens of the state. According to him, of the five elements of nature, the ones which are responsible to keep a person healthy are water and air. He says that the arrangement of houses in the city should be irregular in some parts of the city, because if all the houses are laid systematically in a straight line and in a particular pattern, it would be easy for strangers to find their way thr ough every part of the town, which should not be the case. Hence, some parts should be systematic while some irregular and thus a balance between security and beauty of the state should be well maintained. HOUSEHOLDS, PROPERTY AND SLAVERY IN THE IDEAL STATE According to Aristotle, family is the most important and the primary social unit of the society. It is the first institution of society which trains a child in citizenship. Aristotle connects citizenship to a household because it teaches a person division of labor (economic, social and others) and gives him a sense of understanding of his responsibility towards his family as well as towards the society and the state. A family gives an individual, training for a civilized life. The household takes care of the basic requirements of an individual; be it materialistic, social, emotional or physical need of the person. Thus, a man who lives in a well-managed household has a sense of fulfillment and content will contribute to the good of the society and in turn, the state. Family, thus, is essential for the moral growth and development of an individual. A state is made up of many households and thus it is important for Aristotle, to study the arrangement of a household in an ideal state. A household is incomplete without slaves, opines Aristotle. There are three relations in a family which are important, that are, that of a husband and wife, the relation of a father and children and thirdly, that of master and slave. The man, husband and the father, rules over both his wife and children respectively, although the manner differs. The man is fitter by nature than the woman hence, the inequality in this relationship never ceases to exist. However, the father rules over his children in a royal and not in a constitutional manner as he does over his wife. With his children, there is a relation of both love and respect. With respect to the third relation, i.e. of master and slave, Aristotle says, â€Å"The master is only the master of the slave; he does not belong to him, whereas the slave is not only the slave of his master, but wholly b elongs to him.† (2). Thus, a slave by nature is a possession of his master, in spite of being a human being. Slaves are a part of property of the individual. Aristotle attaches a lot of important to possession of property because according to him, without property, one cannot cultivate values and virtues such as generosity, hospitality, giving alms to the poor and the needy, etc. Property is essential to have a good household. Private property is a source of pleasure as mostly men love money. It is an integral aspect of social economy. Lastly, he opines that possession of private property by individuals is in favor of the state as when people own property; they would not be worried for their subsistence and thus, can actively participate in the political process of the state. When there would be slaves in the house, the master will have a lot of leisure time and according to Aristotle, he who has leisure time can be involved in the formation of an ideal state. He says, â€Å" †¦those who are in a position which places them above toil have stewards who attend to their households, while they occupy themselves with philosophy or with politics.† (3) Slavery is justified by Aristotle on two grounds. Firstly, on natural grounds; he says that some people are born without any faculties. However, they have the physical ability to work. This cannot be blamed on human beings as nature has created some people with lesser mental abilities. It is nature which has created men unequal. Nature has differentiated in the bodies of masters and slaves, making one physically strong and the other, although physically weak, but suitable for political life. He says, slaves have no virtues as they do not own property and hence they are not fit to be citizens of the state. Thus, according to Aristotle, some people are born to be slaves. He compares slaves to tamed animals and says that both cater to their needs with the help of their bodies. Secondly, as said before, sl aves are an essential ‘instrument’ of a household. They symbolize prosperity of a particular family. Thus, Aristotle concludes by saying, â€Å"Thus it is clear that household management attends more to men than to the acquisition of inanimate things, and to human excellence more than to the excellence of property which we call wealth, and to the virtue of freemen more than to the virtue of slaves.† (4) He says that slave lacks any sort of deliberative faculty, a woman does have some but she has no authority and also the child has, but it’s not mature enough to harness them. CITIZENSHIP IN THE IDEAL STATE The criteria for citizenship in different forms of governments vary according to their nature. For example, a person who can be a citizen in a democratic setup may not be eligible to be a citizen of an oligarchy. However, here, it is better to consider and talk about the citizens of a democratic state, because this is the system in which citizens are acknowledged the most than in any other system of governance. According to Aristotle, the citizenship of a person of a particular state is not determined by his mere residence in that state, because a slave or a foreigner too are residents of the same state, but this does not give them the right of citizenship, for there are other criteria to determine the same. Also, the legal status of a person cannot be the criterion because even a foreigner can acquire a right to sue a resident of that state or can be sued by a resident, merely under some provisions of a treaty. Hence, just being under the jurisdiction of any particular state, according to Aristotle, cannot make one a citizen of that state. A person who is exiled from the state will cease to be a citizen of the state. A person, who has the authority to participate in the judicial administration of the state, is termed as a citizen of that state. He should be able to take part in the process of administration of justice and legislation as a member of the deliberative assembly which can enabl e him to be a citizen. Hence, it can be observed that all those people who are permitted to take part in the political process of that state, for example, casting a vote or contesting elections, and all those who are eligible to be the members of the executive or the legislative branch of the government can be termed as citizens. With respect to who ‘ought’ to be citizens, Aristotle opines that all those who are trained and are capable of becoming either the ruler or the ruled, ought to be citizens. Further, he says that all those people who have property and leisure can be citizens as a person devoid of possession of any property, does not need any security from the state. Thus he would not be interested in the affairs of the state, so he would not bother to work for the betterment of the state. Also, a person who does not have property lacks experience in management skills as he is not accustomed to managing any kind of property. Such a person, according to Aristotle, cannot be expected to actively participate in the political affairs of the state and thus, in turn cannot ‘manage’ the state. However, despite all these criteria, practically a citizen is one whose both parents have been citizens. Some say, two or more ancestors. This is the shortest and the most practical definition, but some raise an objection to this questioning, how their ancestors became citizens. But it can be said, if their ancestors participated in the governmental process, that had to be citizens. It is also difficult to determine those who become citizens after a revolution. Here, the doubt is not about who is a citizen, but it is about who ought to be a citizen. As it was mentioned previously, a citizen of a particular government might not be eligible to be a citizen of some other form of government. It is said that the one who has never learned to obey, can never be a good commander. Both are different, but a good citizen should have the capacity of both-he should be aware of governing like a free man and should know obedience like a free man. These are virtues of a good citizen. The next point in citizenship of ideal state is that whether a good man and a good citizen are the same. This is explained by Aristotle by citing the example of a sailor. Sailors perform different functions like those of rowers, pilots, look-out men etc. Because they all have different functions, their virtues too differ. However, they all are described by one common definition, because they all have the same goal of safety in navigation. Aristotle compares sailors to citizens. Just like the former, citizens too differ from one another, but ‘salvation of the community’ (5) is their common aspiration. In numerous forms of governments, no single virtue is a perfect virtue of a good citizen. But it is assumed that good man is one with a single perfect virtue. Thus, a good man may not necessarily be a good citizen and vice versa. The next point in citizenship is that can mechanics be termed as citizens. Aristotle admits that not all those who are necessary for the functioning of the ideal state can be deemed as citizens of that state. For example, children cannot be termed as citizens of the state even though they are an integral part of the state as they do not participate in any political process. Under some governments, mechanics and laborers will not be citizens while under other, they might be included. Aristotle opines that the best form of government will not accept mechanics, laborers who he names as servants of the community, as they do not hold virtues of good citizens.

Justice at the Scaffold in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Ess

Justice at the Scaffold in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Harter Fogle acknowledges the aspect of the superhuman as "the sphere of absolute insight, justice, and mercy: few of Hawthorne's tales and romances can be adequately considered without taking it into account" ("Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony" 309). This superhuman aspect surfaces through Divine Justice in The Scarlet Letter. On the other hand, the merely human application of justice emerges through the Puritan laws, or Earthly Justice. The struggle for supremacy in the novel between Earthly and Divine Justice becomes a central theme, reflected in multiple aspects of the plot. However, the focal point in this struggle manifests itself at the scaffold in Boston, where Divine Justice materializes and ultimately triumphs over Earthly Justice.    The thematic struggle at the battleground of the scaffold unfolds and develops through Hawthorne's three scaffold scenes. Earthly Justice dominates the first scene, where the Puritans force the stoic Hester Prynne, bearing the scarlet "A" on her bosom, to stand on the scaffold in front of the cackling, condemning Puritan crowd. Hawthorne explains that "shame...was the essence of this punishment" (41). Moreover, Ernest Sandeen verifies that a sinner "feels shame before his fellowman and fear before his God" ("The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story" 360), meaning that Earthly Justice induces shame as Divine Justice creates fear. Therefore, since Hester's punishment reduced her to shame on the scaffold, Earthly Justice dispensed its punishment, asserting its authority, in this first scaffold scene.    Also, Dimmesdale's reluctance in this scene to admit his guilt diminishes the hope for Divine Justice, which is fo... ...werful yet merciful Divine Justice that unfailingly watched over them.       Works Cited    Abel, Darrel. "Hawthorne's Hester." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 300-308. Feidelson, Charles, Jr. "The People of Boston." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 371-375. Fogle, Richard Harter. "Realms of Being and Dramatic Irony." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 308-315. Sandeen, Ernest. "The Scarlet Letter as a Love Story." The Scarlet Letter. 3rd ed. Eds. Seymour Gross, Sculley Bradley, Richard Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York: Norton, 1988. 350-361.

Business Research Ethics Essay

  Joseph J.C. DiCarlo was found guilty of embezzling $40,000 from a consulting firm in New York for suppressing a legislative report. This report unfavorably criticized the firm’s construction contracts. Joseph J.C. DiCarlo already had a tarnished reputation of a corrupt official, and unethical practices. Based on Josephs actions the state senators were the affected parties in this case study. As Joseph was found guilty the state senators at that time felt relieved that a person with his unethical practices would no longer have the power entrusted in him. The manner in which DiCarlo extorted money for the construction of the University of Massachusetts in Boston, and tried to sabotage a legislative report was all for personal gain. Joseph was voted in to seat by the public and entrusted to make ethical actions that would be in the best interest of the organization and the public. This case study, shows how greed and selfishness played a major role in the choices DiCarlo made , he however did not for see the investigation that led to his conviction. This conviction put an end to his career and was expelled as a senate in 1977. Although Joseph DiCarlo sealed his own fate, his actions were illegal, and unethical. With such a thin line between what is unethical and illegal it is usually up to the organization or research firms to determine if any research or action is would be characterized as unethical or illegal. Most businesses or and organizations strive themselves to instil ethical practices to their employees, it is unfortunately that Joseph DiCarlo was placed in a seat of power where some of these practices are not followed by the people who put them in place. Some organizations go as far as conducting yearly or even monthly trainings, to keep employees up to date with current policies and procedures. In any case an organization conducts these trainings to protect themselves from any liability, due to the employee’s unethical practices. In this case Joseph’s unethical practices resulted in his conviction, and liability to pay fines based on his actions. His unethical actions resulted in a $5,000 fine and one year in prison. Although, he did steal $40,000, but only paid back $5,000, the University of Massachusetts students.

Mark Generation Essays

Mark Generation Essays Mark Generation Essay Mark Generation Essay The Generation of New Ideas In most cases, companies consider the opinions, wants and needs of their target consumers in order to generate new ideas and concepts. In fact, companies may simply ask themselves What do customers want now and in the near future? Sampson (1974), studied the effectiveness of consumers in generating ideas, concluding that they can produce productive concepts and their influence is essentially passive (Cannon 1978, p. 229). Despite this, Sampson goes on to state that u to the rapidly growing markets, it is nearly impossible to satisfy all members of a consumer group. Amongst a range of generation idea methods, one external technique is the use of focus group methods which consists of an assembled group of consumers who have no knowledge about a particular type of product. An analyst records the two hour long discussion and identifies what has and has not been conversed (Hippie 1986, p. 793). This method of customer feedback, crucially relies on the analysts ability to accurately infer useful information which may then translate into a new product concept. Specifically, Subscribe offers customers the opportunity to leave suggestions or compliments about their products in which the business takes very seriously and then utilizes the information to generate product ideas. The manipulation of lead edge users is yet, another course of action business can adopt in order to produce original ideas. Lead edge users are users of a product whose current needs will become common in the near future (Hippie 1986, p. 791). They are significant as they act as a forecast for marketing research providing valuable information about consumers impressions and partiality of a product. Von Hippie (1986) introduced the external four-step Lead User Method in 1986, to help companies develop breakthrough products. The steps consist of, Identifying an Important Trend: to identify lead users in different product categories of interest and to identify the trend that these users have a leading position, Identifying Lead Users: once trends are discovered with new product opportunities, companies then can egging the search for lead users, Analyzing Lead User Data: Data received from lead users will then be utilized in market research analyses, and Projecting Lead User Data onto the General Market of Interest: after data has been finalized, it would be projected onto a predicted market (Kaolin, 2010). Although Internal idea sources include Research and Development, Subscribe mainly uses external sources such as consumer evaluation through the use of the feedback option which can be found on every page of the Subscribe website. This allows consumers to leave a compliment, advise of any technical issues, and suggest potential product ideas. Since the introduction of the feedback option, consumers nave expressed Innovative Ideas wanly nave Eden Tallow tongue Ana Is evident through the Subscribe Wonder]sock. Its design of underwear separates and lifts Protruding everything out in front Providing maximum comfort (Tracey 2006) thus demonstrating the power of consumers and their feedback which can translate into successfully generated product ideas and consequently, profitable manufactured products.

Free Essays on Scripting Novels

Scripting Novels Laurence Sterne’s, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, is a lengthy novel filled with essayistic passages and seemingly unrelated events. The novel has a self-proclaimed digressive-progressive style, which is continuously defended by the novels author/protagonist Tristram. This progressive/digressive style can be easily seen throughout the entire novel; Tristram often moves from the events of his actual story to other events, which seem to have no significance or relevance. Tristram, being the author of his own life story, frequently offers his own opinions as to the happenings and follies of other characters. Tristram also constantly illustrates his authority by refusing to tell his tale in chronological order. By fracturing the sequence of the stories he tells and interjecting them with chains of associated ideas, memories, and anecdotes, Tristram allows thematic significance to emerge out of surprising juxtapositions between seemingly unrelated events. Tristram dotes on these aforementioned elements; â€Å"These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow; and that is,-not to be in a hurry;-but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sterne 35). Sterne cleverly separates himself from Tristram, in the narrative, by occasionally questioning Tristram’s actions and opinions; thus, the title of the novel accurately represents it’s content; the opinions of Tristram Shandy. Jane Austen’s, Emma, contains events and characteristics typical of the English novel: entangled personal relations and marriage market and social class happenings. But, one main theme, in the scripting of the novel, is the blinding of objective judgment by personal desires, lust and prejudice. The b... Free Essays on Scripting Novels Free Essays on Scripting Novels Scripting Novels Laurence Sterne’s, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, is a lengthy novel filled with essayistic passages and seemingly unrelated events. The novel has a self-proclaimed digressive-progressive style, which is continuously defended by the novels author/protagonist Tristram. This progressive/digressive style can be easily seen throughout the entire novel; Tristram often moves from the events of his actual story to other events, which seem to have no significance or relevance. Tristram, being the author of his own life story, frequently offers his own opinions as to the happenings and follies of other characters. Tristram also constantly illustrates his authority by refusing to tell his tale in chronological order. By fracturing the sequence of the stories he tells and interjecting them with chains of associated ideas, memories, and anecdotes, Tristram allows thematic significance to emerge out of surprising juxtapositions between seemingly unrelated events. Tristram dotes on these aforementioned elements; â€Å"These unforeseen stoppages, which I own I had no conception of when I first set out;but which, I am convinced now, will rather increase than diminish as I advance,have struck out a hint which I am resolved to follow; and that is,-not to be in a hurry;-but to go on leisurely, writing and publishing two volumes of my life every year†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sterne 35). Sterne cleverly separates himself from Tristram, in the narrative, by occasionally questioning Tristram’s actions and opinions; thus, the title of the novel accurately represents it’s content; the opinions of Tristram Shandy. Jane Austen’s, Emma, contains events and characteristics typical of the English novel: entangled personal relations and marriage market and social class happenings. But, one main theme, in the scripting of the novel, is the blinding of objective judgment by personal desires, lust and prejudice. The b...

Interview project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview project - Coursework Example The interviewee was again asked five questions, and they were differently constructed from those asked from the preschool child. Questions were such that they required thoughtful answers than simple â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. Conclusion: Interviewee generally came up with interesting answers. The interviewee confused values with morals and ethic. He reckoned it ok to steal from government because he thought this is what government did itself. Education was deemed important and was seen as a healthy activity for brain. A friend in need was considered as the true friend. The interviewee revealed that he wanted to serve the community as a doctor. Middle School Interview: Introduction: The boy was asked five questions, some of which were exactly what the high school student was asked, while others were different. The boy was mediocre in studies. He willingly offered himself for the interview. Conclusion: The boy came up with short and prompt replies. He did not know what is r espect. Staying motivated and achievement of goals was to him, self discipline. He had a play station but he did not consider that very important. To him, good friend is one who can be trusted and be spent time with. He considered that his friends could keep secrets but refused to give much explanation for the same.

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS - Research Paper Example AVG is a world leader in software development, threat detection, threat detection and risk analysis. The company also invests in research and development and collaborates with leading universities in order to maintain its technology edge (Company Profile, 2012). The company is currently contemplating to issue an IPO (initial public offering) so that it can expand its global market. The company has two options as to which type of IPO the company should use. The company may decide to either use the traditional IPO or use the online auction. In this research essay, I will discuss the two types of IPO issues and look into lessons learned from the module one case. The traditional approach to getting capital has usually been the way to go for most companies seeking equity. However, with the advent of the internet and technology some start-ups are choosing to do online auction in an effort to seek capital. Both types of IPO have have their pro and cons. I will start by analyzing the traditi onal IPO method before embarking on online auction analysis. As I had earlier mentioned that, the traditional IPO method is the most common way of getting capital. The traditional method has some advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the type of IPO used, the company issuing an IPO usually has several benefits. First, the company increases it capitalization, net worth, liquidity and prestige. However, the company has to abide by the rules and regulations of the SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) which is the body that oversees the registration of public companies in the U.S. Companies going public are required to disclose their financial statements to the public. This may negatively affect the company’s perception especially during the bear market and this may decrease a company’s stock price, lower its liquidity and capitalization. In order to have a successful IPO, a company needs to attract investors. Enough investors who will create large levels of capita lization that exceeds the amount that had been privately invested. In the traditional approach, companies conducting the IPO pitch to investors on investing in to their companies on road shows. These road shows usually target institutional investors. Institutional investors play a huge role in influencing small investor participation. Therefore, underwriting firms usually offer institutional investors discounted stock prices as what is termed as pre-IPO rates. The courtship of large institutions is crucial to the success of IPO offerings because it facilitates the participation of other investors in the market. In addition, it guarantees that the underwriting company gets a good stock price, which will determine the future value of the company as well as determine the capital collected. As far as the cost of going public are concerned, the traditional approach may at times prove to be costly. First, the company has to disclose financial and business information to potential investor s. The disclosure might be costly to the company considering that there is always competition in business. Therefore, the disclosure of such information may provide valuable information to the competitors. Second, the traditional method of issuing IPO may take anywhere from six months to two years. A lot of time and effort is put towards gathering the relevant information and putting things together. This distraction slows down the day-to-day operations of the company and engages the senior management in focusing